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CAT #: 71220019

LymphoTrack® IGK Assay Panel - MiSeqTM

Assay Use

This Research Use Only assay identifies clonal IGK Vϰ–Jϰ, Vϰ–Kde, and INTR–Kde rearrangements, the DNA sequences of these rearrangements, and provides the distribution frequency of Vϰ and Jϰ, Vϰ–Kde, and INTR–Kde segment utilization using the Illumina® MiSeq platform.

Analysis of the IGK locus increases the probability of identifying Ig gene rearrangements, as compared to testing for IGH gene rearrangements only.  As a result, combining the analysis of IGK and IGH loci increases the sensitivity of clonality detection.

Product Details

  • Summary and Explanation of the Test

    The human immunoglobulin kappa light chain (IGK) gene locus on chromosome 2 (2p11.2) includes many distinct Vϰ gene segments, grouped into seven Vϰ gene families as well as five Jκ gene segments upstream of the Cϰ region.  The kappa deleting element (Kde), approximately 24 kb downstream of the Jϰ-Cϰ region can rearrange to Vϰ gene segments (Vϰ-Kde) but also to an isolated RSS in the Jϰ-Cϰ intron (INTR).  The resulting Vϰ-Kde and INTR-Kde rearrangements are a product of unsuccessful rearrangements retained by the B-cell.1

    Lymphoid cells are different from the other somatic cells in the body.  During development, the antigen receptor genes in lymphoid cells undergo somatic gene rearrangement.2  For example, during B-cell development, genes encoding the IGK locus are assembled from multiple polymorphic gene segments that undergo rearrangements and selection, generating combinations that are unique in both length and sequence.  Since leukemias and lymphomas originate from the malignant transformation of individual lymphoid cells, all leukemias and lymphomas generally share one or more cell-specific or “clonal” antigen receptor gene rearrangements.  Therefore, tests that detect IGK clonal rearrangements can be useful in the study of B-cell malignancies.

    Initially, clonal rearrangements were identified using Restriction Fragment, Southern Blot Hybridization (RF-SBH) techniques.  However, these tests proved cumbersome, labor-intensive, required large amounts of DNA, and were not suitable for analysis of many of the less diverse antigen receptor loci.  During the last several decades, the use of RF-SBH assays has been supplanted by PCR-based clonality tests developed by Alexander Morley and are considered the current gold standard method. PCR-based assays identify clonality on the basis of over-representation of amplified V-J or D-J products following their separation using gel or capillary electrophoresis.3  Though sensitive and suitable for testing small amounts of DNA, these assays cannot readily differentiate between clonal populations and multiple rearrangements that might lie beneath a single-sized peak, and are also not designed to identify the specific V-J DNA sequence that is required to track clonal populations in subsequent analyses.  This second limitation can be of particular importance, as once the unique clone-specific DNA sequence is identified, this sequence can be used in subsequent tests to track and follow these clonal cell populations.

    This LymphoTrack IGK Assay – MiSeq represents a significant improvement over existing clonality assays using fragment analysis as it efficiently detects the majority of IGK gene rearrangements using a single multiplex master mix and, at the same time, identifies the DNA sequence specific for each clonal gene rearrangement.  Therefore, this assay has two important and complementary uses: it both aids in the detection of initial clonal populations and it identifies sequence information required to track those clones in subsequent samples.

    Our single multiplex master mix for IGK targets the Vϰ- Jϰ, the Vϰ-Kde, and the INTR-Kde gene rearrangements described in lymphoid malignancies.  Primers included in the master mixes are designed with Illumina adapters and 24 different indices.  This assay allows for a one-step PCR reaction and pooling of amplicons from several different samples and targets (generated with other LymphoTrack Assays for the MiSeq, not included), onto one MiSeq flow cell allowing for up to 24 samples per target to be analyzed in parallel in a single run.  The associated LymphoTrack Software – MiSeq provides a simple and streamlined method of analysis and visualization of data.

    Positive and negative controls for clonality are included in the kit.

    Note:  For a more thorough explanation of the locus and the targeted deep sequencing strategy, please refer to Principle of Immunoglobulin and B-Cell Receptor Gene Rearrangement.4

  • Principles of the Procedure

    Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

    PCR assays are routinely used for the identification of clonal B- and T-cell populations.  These assays amplify the DNA between primers that target the conserved framework (FR) of the VH regions and the conserved JH regions of antigen receptor genes.  Primers target these conserved regions which lie on either side of an area where programmed genetic rearrangements occur during the maturation of all B and T lymphocytes.  Different populations of the B and T lymphocytes arise as a result of these genetic rearrangements.

    The antigen receptor genes that undergo rearrangements are the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) and light chains (IGK and IGL) in B-cells, and the T-cell receptor genes (TRA, TRB, TRG, and TRD) in T-cells.  Each B- and T-cell has a single productive V – J rearrangement that is unique in both length and sequence.  Therefore, when DNA from a normal or polyclonal population is amplified using DNA primers that flank the V-J region, amplicons that are unique in both sequence and length are generated, reflecting the heterogeneous population. In some cases, where lymphocyte DNA is not present, no amplicons will be generated. Samples containing TRG clonal populations yield  one or two prominent amplified products of the same length and sequence that are detected with significant frequency of occurrence, within a diminished polyclonal background amplified at a lower frequency.

    Amplicon Purification

    PCR amplicons are purified to remove excess primers, nucleotides, salts, and enzymes using the Agencourt® AMPure® XP system.  This method utilizes solid-phase reversible immobilization (SPRI) paramagnetic bead technology for high-throughput purification of PCR amplicons.  Using an optimized buffer, PCR amplicons that are 100 bp or larger are selectively bound to paramagnetic beads while contaminants such as excess primers, primer dimers, salts, and unincorporated dNTPs are washed away.  Amplicons can then be eluted and separated from the paramagnetic beads resulting in a more purified PCR product for downstream analysis and amplicon quantification.

    Amplicon Quantification

    Purified amplicons are quantified using the KAPA Library Quantification Kits for Illumina platforms.  Purified and diluted PCR amplicons and a set of six pre-diluted DNA standards are amplified by qPCR methods, using the KAPA SYBR® FAST qPCR Master Mix.  The primers in the KAPA kit target Illumina P5 and P7 flow cell adapter oligo sequences.

    The average Ct score for the pre-diluted DNA Standards are plotted against log10 to generate a standard curve, which can then be used to calculate the concentration (nM) of the PCR amplicons derived from sample DNA.  Calculating the concentration of PCR amplicons allows equal amplicon representation in the final pooled library that is loaded onto the MiSeq for sequencing.

    Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)

    Sanger sequencing methods represent the most popular in a range of ‘first-generation’ nucleic acid sequencing technologies.  Newer methods, which leverage massively parallel sequencing approaches, are often referred to as Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS).  NGS technologies can use various combination strategies of template preparation, sequencing, imaging, and bioinformatics for genome alignment and assembly.

    NGS technologies used in this product rely on the amplification of genetic sequences using a series of consensus forward and reverse primers that include adapter and index tags.  Amplicons generated with this LymphoTrack master mixes are quantified, pooled, and loaded onto a flow cell for sequencing with an Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform.  Specifically, the amplified products in the library are hybridized to oligonucleotides on a flow cell and are amplified to form local clonal colonies (bridge amplification).  Four types of reversible terminator bases (RT-bases) are added and the sequencing strand of DNA is extended one nucleotide at a time.  To record the incorporation of nucleotides, a CCD camera takes an image of the light emitted when fluorescently labeled nucleotides are added to the sequencing strand.  A terminal 3’ blocker is added after each cycle of the sequencing process and any unincorporated nucleotides are removed prior to the addition of four new RT-bases.

    Multiplexing Amplicons

    This product was designed to allow for two different levels of multiplexing in order to reduce costs and time for laboratories.  The first level of multiplexing originates from the multiple indices that are provided with the assays, up to 24.  Each of these 24 indices can be considered to act as a unique barcode that allows amplicons from individual samples to be pooled together after PCR amplification to generate the sequencing library.  Later, the resulting sequences can be sorted by the bioinformatics software to identify those that originated from an individual sample.

    The second level of multiplexing originates from the ability of the accompanying software to sort sequencing data by both index and target.  This allows amplicons generated with targeted primers (even those tagged with the same index) to be pooled together to generate the library and sequenced on a single flow cell.  An example would be to sequence products from several Invivoscribe LymphoTrack MiSeq kits such as IGH FR1, IGK, and TRG together.  When multiplexing amplicons of different gene targets it is important to use the appropriate sequencing chemistry.  The number of sequencing cycles must be sufficient to sequence the largest amplicon in the multiplex.  For example, when multiplexing IGH FR1, IGK , and TRG amplicons, the MiSeq v2 (500-cycle) or v3 (600-cycle) sequencing kit can be used.

    The number of samples that can be multiplexed onto a single flow cell is also dependent on the flow cell that is utilized.  Illumina’s standard flow cells (MiSeq v3) can generate 20-25 million reads.  To determine the number of reads per sample, divide the total number of reads for the flow cell by the number of samples that will be multiplexed.  Illumina also manufacturers other flow cells that utilize the same sequencing chemistry, but generate fewer reads. When using these alternative flow cells one must consider that fewer total reads either means less depth per sample or fewer samples can be run on the flow cell to achieve the same depth per sample.

    Minimal Residual Disease Evaluation

    NGS-based minimal residual disease (MRD) testing is a proven tool that aids in the development of treatment strategies for hematologic malignancies.  The LymphoTrack Clonality Assays can be used with the LymphoTrack MRD Software (Catalog # 75000008) to objectively track up to five clonal rearrangements in longitudinal studies with up to 10-6 sensitivity.  For more information on our bundled MRD solution email marketing@invivoscribe.com or visit www.invivoscribe.com/mrd-clonality.

  • Specimen Requirements

    This RUO assay tests genomic DNA.  The minimum input quantity is 50 ng of high quality DNA.

References

  1. van Dongen, JJM, et al. (2003) Leukemia.  17:2257–2317.
  2. Tonegawa, S. (1983) Nature. 302:575-581.
  3. Trainor, KJ, et al. (1990) Blood. 75:2220-2222.
  4. Miller JE, et al. (2013) Molecular Genetic Pathology (2nd Edition., sections 30.2.7.13 and 30.2.7.18).

Disclaimer

This product is for Research Use Only; not for use in diagnostic procedures.

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